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115 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
115 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
## 7. Graph Database Design
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### Base Technology
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**Graph Database Selection**: Start with **Neo4j** for MVP (best documentation, largest ecosystem), plan migration path to **TigerGraph** if scale exceeds 10B nodes.
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**Decision Criteria**:
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1. **Scalability**:
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- Neo4j: Strong until ~50B nodes, then requires clustering
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- ArangoDB: Better horizontal scaling
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- TigerGraph: Designed for very large graphs (100B+ nodes)
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- Memgraph: Fast but less mature ecosystem
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2. **Geospatial Support**:
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- Neo4j: Requires APOC library + PostGIS integration
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- ArangoDB: Built-in geospatial indexes
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- TigerGraph: Requires external PostGIS
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3. **Query Performance**: Benchmark common queries (5km radius, temporal overlap, quality matching)
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4. **Ecosystem**: Community size, cloud managed options, integration with existing stack
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5. **Cost**: Licensing, cloud costs, operational complexity
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### Relationships
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```
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(Business)-[:OPERATES_AT]->(Site)
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(Site)-[:HOSTS]->(ResourceFlow)
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(ResourceFlow)-[:MATCHABLE_TO {efficiency, distance, savings}]->(ResourceFlow)
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(Site)-[:HOSTS]->(SharedAsset)
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(Business)-[:OFFERS]->(Service)
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(Business)-[:SELLS]->(Product)
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```
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### Hybrid Architecture for Geospatial Queries
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**Architecture**:
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- **Neo4j**: Stores graph structure, relationships, quality/temporal properties
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- **PostgreSQL+PostGIS**: Stores detailed geospatial data, handles complex distance calculations, spatial joins
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- **Synchronization**: Event-driven sync (Site created/updated → sync to PostGIS)
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**Query Pattern**:
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```
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1. PostGIS: Find all sites within 5km radius (fast spatial index)
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2. Neo4j: Filter by ResourceFlow types, quality, temporal overlap (graph traversal)
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3. Join results in application layer or use Neo4j spatial plugin
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```
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**Alternative**: Use Neo4j APOC spatial procedures if graph is primary store.
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### Zone-First Architecture for Data Sovereignty
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**Problem**: Global graph vs local adoption conflict - EU-wide matching requires unified schema, but local clusters need low-latency, sovereign data control.
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**Solution**: **Zone-first graph architecture** where each geographic/regulatory zone operates semi-autonomously:
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**Zone Types**:
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- **City Zones**: Municipal boundaries, operated by city governments
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- **Industrial Park Zones**: Single park operators, private industrial clusters
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- **Regional Zones**: County/state level, cross-municipality coordination
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- **Country Zones**: National regulatory compliance, standardized schemas
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**Architecture Pattern**:
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```
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Zone Database (Local Neo4j/PostgreSQL)
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├── Local Graph: Sites, flows, businesses within zone
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├── Local Rules: Zone-specific matching logic, regulations
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├── Selective Publishing: Choose what to expose globally
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└── Data Sovereignty: Zone operator controls data visibility
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Global Federation Layer
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├── Cross-zone matching requests
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├── Federated queries (zone A requests zone B data)
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├── Anonymized global analytics
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└── Selective data sharing agreements
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```
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**Key Benefits**:
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- **Data Sovereignty**: Cities/utilities control their data, GDPR compliance
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- **Low Latency**: Local queries stay within zone boundaries
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- **Regulatory Flexibility**: Each zone adapts to local waste/energy rules
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- **Scalable Adoption**: Start with single zones, federate gradually
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- **Trust Building**: Local operators maintain control while enabling cross-zone matches
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**Implementation**:
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- **Zone Registry**: Global catalog of active zones with API endpoints
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- **Federation Protocol**: Standardized cross-zone query interface
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- **Data Contracts**: Per-zone agreements on what data is shared globally
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- **Migration Path**: Start mono-zone, add federation as network grows
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### Indexing Strategy
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**Required Indexes**:
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- **Spatial Index**: Site locations (latitude, longitude)
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- **Temporal Index**: ResourceFlow availability windows, seasonality
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- **Composite Indexes**:
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- (ResourceFlow.type, ResourceFlow.direction, Site.location)
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- (ResourceFlow.quality.temperature_celsius, ResourceFlow.type)
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- **Full-Text Search**: Business names, NACE codes, service domains
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**Index Maintenance**:
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- Monitor query performance and index usage
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- Use Neo4j's EXPLAIN PROFILE for query optimization
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- Consider partitioning large graphs by geographic regions
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### Why Graph DB
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Queries like:
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"find all output nodes within 5 km producing heat 35–60 °C that matches any input nodes needing heat 30–55 °C, ΔT ≤ 10 K, availability overlap ≥ 70 %, and net savings > €0.02/kWh."
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That's a multi-criteria graph traversal — perfect fit.
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---
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